more modern times. At the start of this volume, the author discusses the importance of independence and liberty in the context of Spain and Portugal's histories, establishing a foundation for understanding the socio-political dynamics at play. Williams examines the geographical advantages of the Spanish peninsula, detailing its diverse inhabitants and early tribal societies, including the Iberians and Celts. The narrative also begins to touch upon key events such as invasions by external forces like the Phœnicians, Romans, and Goths, setting the stage for an in-depth exploration of the intricate history that shaped Spain and Portugal's identity. (This is an automatically generated summary.)